Biography of Princess Elizabeth Essays -- Queen of England History Roy

History of Princess Elizabeth Elizabeth I was the little girl of King Henry VIII and his subsequent spouse, Anne Boleyn. At the point when the little Princess was conceived on Sunday, the seventh of September, 1533, few could have anticipated the sparkling life in front of her. Her introduction to the world was without a doubt an extraordinary dissatisfaction to her dad, and a political catastrophe for her mom and every one of her supporters. For a long time, Henry's fundamental objective in life had been to father a sound child to succeed him to the seat of England. In spite of twenty years of union with the Spanish Catherine of Aragon, and the introduction of a few kids, by 1533, Henry had just one living authentic kid, a girl, Mary. Despite the fact that there was no law in Tudor England forestalling the increase of a lady to the seat as there was in France, the standard of a lady was viewed as unfortunate. Not exclusively was it imagined that a lady was unequipped for administering a realm, there were additio nally down to earth contemplations that made female sway tricky, for example, her marriage, and the issue of the job her better half ought to have, just as the dangers of labor. It was improbable that Henry could ever have a child by Catherine of Aragon (she was more established than him, and her youngster bearing days were numbered) and this pained him extensively. Likewise he had fallen profoundly enamored with the youthful and amazing Anne Boleyn and needed to make her his lady of the hour. To wed Anne, be that as it may, he needed to have his union with Catherine abrogated, and invalidating a marriage was never a basic procedure. For Henry, it demonstrated enormous. The ability to annull relationships lay with the Pope, and lamentably for Henry, Catherine had amazing family associations. She was the auntie of the incomparable Emperor, Charles V, and the Pope couldn't bear to irritate Charles by conceding Henry his revocation. As time advanced, it turned out to be obvious to Henr y that on the off chance that he needed to wed once more, he would need to discover a method of getting a revocation without the Pope's help. He and his consultants found the appropriate response in breaking with the Catholic Church totally, and building up a free Church of England. This would give Henry complete control over issues clerical. This progressive advance was made conceivable by the rise in Europe during this season of another part of Christianity that quickly picked up the name of Protestantism. This had significant doctrinal contrasts to Catholicism, however Henry'... ...as lost. At her better half's inheritance, Mary hesitantly acknowledged Elizabeth as beneficiary to the seat. After Elizabeth, and ignoring the Suffolk line, the most impressive petitioner to the seat was Mary, Queen of Scots, granddaughter of Henry VIII's oldest sister, Margaret. Mary had not since a long time ago wedded the French beneficiary to the seat, Francois, and the French and Spanish were foes. Consequently, despite the fact that Elizabeth was a Protestant, it was to Philip's greatest advantage to tie down her promotion to the seat to keep away from the French getting it. Elizabeth was at her youth home of Hatfield when Mary kicked the bucket on the 17 of November, 1558. She was supposedly eating an apple underneath an Oak tree in the extraordinary park when the updates on her promotion to the seat contacted her. Elizabeth was currently only a quarter century old, and Queen of England. Without precedent for her life, her predetermination lay in her own hands, and Elizabeth bowed on the ground and murmured in Latin what she really probably felt: This is the Lord's doing, and it is great in our eyes. Further Reading: Alison Plowden, The Young Elizabeth David Starkey, Elizabeth Alison Weir, Children of England Anne Somerset, Elizabeth I

The Effects of Dual Credit and Dual Enrollment on High School Students Essay

The Effects of Dual Credit and Dual Enrollment on High School Students - Essay Example To determine this issue of seniors â€Å"blowing off the senior year† because of an absence of any generous test, in 1973 the Project Advance program of Syracuse University was made (Andrews, 2004). Following this advancement the model was received by different foundations and thus there was a rise of a large number of double credit programs. In 1974, LaGuardia Community College, New York set up the Middle College High School program focusing on distanced and in danger understudies in run of the mill secondary schools who possibly may not prevail with regards to securing their certificates (Lewis and Overman, 2008). Comparative projects were embraced by Florida International University in 1982 (Partners in Progress) and Kingsborough Community College in 1984 (College Now). Inspired by the accomplishment of the Minnesota double credit program, Washington State passed the ‘Running Start’ program in 1990 which permitted youngsters and seniors with essential capabilit ies to take school level courses at specialized and junior colleges without paying school educational cost. In 1994 this was extended to consolidate multi year colleges if there were no junior colleges in the secondary school region (Kim and Bragg, 2008; Board, 2011) In 2004, the assembly established House Bill 3103 which set up government rules customized to give help to secondary schools by means of expanding the size of double credit programs, extending the broadness of the educational program of these projects, and coaching/tutoring understudies to help in a consistent change into postsecondary instructive organizations (Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2005). Definitional Issues Opinion is isolated among specialists with respect to the correct wording that ought to be concurred to the open door gave to secondary school understudies to go to school classes which create credits at both secondary school and school levels. The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board characterizes a double acknowledge course as one that incorporates scholarly just as specialized courses. For the current reason, double enlistment hereon is characterized following Klein (2007, p.23) as â€Å"courses that permit secondary school understudies to get both secondary school and school credit simultaneously†. These modules are normally educated by teachers or subordinate educators having a place with the organization, and similar classes are gone to by school and secondary school understudies. Simultaneous enlistment for early-school secondary schools is additionally situated on the school grounds yet just secondary school understudies go to class. The Early College High School, established by the Bill and Melinda Gates establishment in 2002 serves generally underrepresented understudies by empowering them to get to the synchronous quest for school credits and a secondary school (American Institute for Research, 2009). Since they are simpler to execute just as more affordable, simultaneous and double enlistments have increased more prominent fame (Karp and Bailey, April 2005). Kim and Bragg (2008) also recognize enunciated acknowledge courses, for example, vocation and specialized training, International Baccalaureate and Advanced Placement which just permit secondary school understudies to apply for the school credits. The current writing audit will limit its concentration to simultaneous and double credit courses. Eminently, these courses have the twin crease advantage of helping a secondary school understudy either to a scholastic profession or into the workforce (Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, 2011). The paper will essentially address the accompanying inquiries: 1. What are the chief advantages and significant worries for understudies who take part in double enlistment/double credit programs? 2. What are the focal points of interest and impediments for cooperating organizations? 3. What

The Effect of Employee Job Satisfaction

The Effect of Employee Job Satisfaction Study Objectives: The motivation behind this paper is to look at the effect of occupation weight on work fulfillment and authoritative duty. The creator concentrated a portion of the definitions and the wellsprings of occupation stress and he referenced a portion of the pressure related disease; he likewise inspected the sorts and factors of authoritative responsibility. The examination question of the paper is what is the impact of occupation weight on representatives work fulfillment and authoritative duty? Catchphrases: work pressure, work fulfillment and hierarchical duty Presentation The principle reason for the paper is to inspect the activity stress and its impact on work fulfillment of the representatives and hierarchical duty and subsequently on the association all in all. Stress, which hugy affect work satisfaction that in this manner influence the activity execution, is viewed as a characteristic division of every single occupation. Of late, specialists propose that when the work nature modifies the representatives government assistance is influenced. Nowadays, Job pressure considers a significant issue due to its unavoidable result in any association because of the present life troubles (Singh, 2009: 255). Additionally Ziauddin et al (2010: 618) expressed that in our general public pressure is being inescapable; and so as to maintain a strategic distance from it, acknowledgment and acknowledgment can facilitate its outcomes and impacts. As occupation stress will influence hierarchical responsibility, and this will legitimately prompt the execution of workers and will likewise influence the organizations execution. That is the reason associations need to diminish the weight on its representatives. Another significant subject in hierarchical research is authoritative duty. It tends to be utilized in the comprehension of representatives conduct in the working environment. Hierarchical duty emulates how much representatives relate to an association and are faithful to its objectives. Meta-examination considers uncovered a solid positive connection between authoritative duty and occupation fulfillment (Tett and Meyer, 1993). Then again, a few investigations found that 38 percent just of representatives experience a drawn out promise to their working environment. Anyway associations with profoundly dedicated representatives will have a higher profitability than an association with a non submitted workers (YUSOB, 1999) The three factors, work pressure, work fulfillment and duty to the association are grapping the consideration of the authoritative conduct look into, these hierarchical practices legitimately and firmly influence the general execution of any organization. (Chen, Silverthorne, Hung, 2005:243). One of the most raising issues is work pressure that results in critical expenses to laborers and the work relationship around the world, and it is the fundamental purpose behind representatives work fulfillment and hierarchical duty (Khatibi, Asadi and Hamidi, 2009:272). A few impediments and holes have been found. A large portion of the investigations on work pressure concentrated distinctly on the impact of employment weight on work fulfillment or authoritative responsibility or even on the association execution. For instance; Sullivan Bahgat (1992) explore the connection between the hierarchical worry with work fulfillment and execution .Fairbrother and Warn (2003) applied an exploration to look at the solid connection between stress, measurements of work environment and employment fulfillment. Chen, Silverthorne Hung (2006) examined the impact of responsibility and authoritative correspondence on work pressure and occupation execution. Khatibi, Asadi Hamidi (2009) analyzed the association between work pressure and authoritative responsibility in National Olympic and Paralympic Academy (NOPA) representatives. Be that as it may, they didnt determine any divisions, similar to the work profitability in Egypt or in some other nations. So the Research Question of the Research Gap is what is the impact of occupation weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility on Egyptian work? The exploration question of the paper is What is the impact of employment weight on work fulfillment and authoritative duty? since work pressure nowadays is unavoidable impact in any enterprise in view of the present life challenges, and it may influence representatives work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility, which may prompt the end of representatives and this will ruthlessly affect the association execution which will influence the association all in all. The paper is comprised of four principle portions. The principal portion is a review on work pressure; its definition, sources and levels. The subsequent fragment is a review on work fulfillment; definition, factors and significance. The third fragment is an outline on authoritative responsibility; definition, types and factors influencing it. The last portion will analyze the effect of employment weight on work fulfillment and hierarchical responsibility. At that point at last the procedure will be talked about followed by the end. Writing Review Review on work pressure The activity stress is in a roundabout way relative with the authoritative duty and the activity execution , at whatever point the representative is progressively dedicated to the association , the activity stress will diminish, in this manner the activity execution will increment and the other way around. . (Chen, Silverthorne, Hung, 2005:243), a raising issue of dealing with worry at work is being looked by personals and their organizations be that as it may, they are powerless on the grounds that they have to comprehend the idea of their activity related pressure (Williams, Cooper, 1998:306). One hazard that should catch the eye of chiefs and they should be receptive to negative factors, for example, work pressure that have a negative consequences for representatives wellbeing and thus it unconstructively affects work fulfillment and employment execution. (Hamidi and Eivazi, 2010:964). Meaning of occupation stress As per Hamidi and Eivazi (2010: 964) work pressure is characterized as the condition where a few highlights or a gathering of qualities that upset the worker on his/her physical, mental, or cultural homeostasis. Besides, Williams, Cooper (1998: 307) recognized that activity Stress, which can be estimated by some different estimates, for example, mental state of being, apprehension, and occupation fulfillment, is a confused, multivariate procedure. Likewise (Lee Shin: 2005, 100) concurred that activity stress is the state of wistful exhaustion and mockery that happens more than once between substances who accomplish individuals work (Lee Shin: 2005, 100). Wellsprings of employment stress In the work environment there are numerous explanations behind representatives work pressure; one of the primary reasons is the work over-burden, representatives remain at the association for a great deal of time attempting to deal with their occupations on their cutoff times. While officials give no consideration for the pressure and besides they ask more work from worker to do (Shahu and Gole, 2008: 238) In our life there are numerous significant parts; work life is one of those parts. It causes various kinds of stress. Serious nature of the occupations drives representatives to be increasingly stressed and invest more energy in their work; this thought about an explanation behind pressure. By and large representatives are increasingly restless about their outcomes and results in their work, along these lines impact their medications with individuals and with their clients also. As the paper appeared before pressure is worried about ecological conditions which created to introduce the interest that startles to surpass the people capacities. Stress drives a negative effect on the association, so the workers and their supervisor ought to comprehend the causes or the wellsprings of stress (Abdullah and ahsan 2009: 121-122). There are various factors that have significant impact on work pressure. Those factors are job uncertainty, job strife, work over-burden, and occupation incited uneasiness. Job strife and job vagueness are identified with hierarchical and singular outcomes. Job equivocalness is a degree that undeniable information is missing concerning three stages. The initial step is the probabilities identified with a job. The subsequent advance is the strategies used to achieve job desires and probabilities. The third step is the job execution results. Job equivocalness might be brought about by insecure desires and probabilities. Job struggle happened when an individual meets the prompt rate of job prerequisites where individual execution forestalls the others execution. Work over-burden shows an excess of work and obligations that surpass people capacity. Employment initiated nervousness is the degree that people know how the sign and indications of stress over their work position and conditions (Li and Shani 1991: 108-109). Employment stress is a consequence of hierarchical parts, working for extended periods of time, absence of authoritative help and hierarchical change. Absence of help from managers and associates, and strife with requests and weights can prompt expanding work pressure. There are different wellsprings of occupation stress, lacking staffing, and long working hours. Duty plans which are in struggle with time for family, shot field obligation, organizations, danger of military controls, issue with bosses and a wide decent variety of other occupation related issues and issues. Work over-burden, work configuration, work capabilities, work execution and hierarchical structure are markers of occupation stress. This examination additionally included different wellsprings of occupation stress which are work measurement factors which incorporate absence of clearness of the work job, and unsettling influence of individual life and consistently schedules (Bokti and Abu Talib 2009: 301). There are three unique impacts that have extraordinary effect on making pressure. The main impact is close to home impact; it affirmed that the element of the conjugal relationship will mediate the impacts of occupation uncertainty (Wilson and Larson 1993: 74). Low wages or pay rates, awful condition in work, for example, low social help and high remaining task at hand, and significant level of pressure, those are factors that make representatives leave their work and positions. While, getting acknowledgment in the work environment was one reason that make representatives to proceed in their activity

Biological Cloning and Nuclear Transplantation Essay

Organic Cloning and Nuclear Transplantation - Essay Example Burnett states about the logical idea, â€Å"Scientists will take the core of a physical, or nonreproductive, cell from Alcalde and addition it into an egg cell from a dairy animals, from which the core has been evacuated. The subsequent incipient organism will be developed in a hatchery and afterward embedded in a bovine to develop† (2008, p.1). In lay language, the idea includes the craving to create creatures with prevalent characteristics that can't be accomplished through typical proliferation. The procedure includes atomic transplantation, in which the hereditary material from a given cell is embedded into the host. For this situation, the host is an unfertilized egg whose hereditary material has been expelled through enucleation process. The natural procedure of atomic transplantation is whereby researchers get a cell from a grown-up creature they wish to clone. The genome of the creature is contained in the core of this inferred cell. Genome is the DNA that has guideli nes to make another person. The following stage in this procedure is taking an unfertilized egg from the female of similar species, and expelling its core (Mann, 2003, p.1). The researchers at that point put the core into the egg; in this way, essentially supplanting the DNA of the egg with that of the cloning creature. The core got from the giver cell is melded with the egg with the assistance of a smell electric flow went through the cell. Including a progression of synthetic concoctions into the egg fools it into accepting that preparation is occurring. At this stage, the result might be fruitful or ineffective.

Impact of leadership behavior on employees - Free Essay Example

Abstract: It is stated that after all argues statements Patagonia leads the designing and sport equipment world by adopting both traditional and nontraditional approaches with total quality management and value creation. Patagonia is consistent and sustainable in their quality and products that why it became success to build trustworthy long term relation with their employees and also achieving their all objectives and working up to the mark. Keywords: Patagonia (area of South America), marketing (Advertising internally / externally), consistency, responsibilities. Introduction: In modern world most of the consumer are receiving, watching, numbers of advertisements regarding different types of product and that marketing is in the shape of printed and social media so thats why it is too much difficult for most of the companies to compete their competitors. Today many of the consumers are divided in several dimensions some are the brand conscious some are the price conscious, so at the time of manufacturing every company have to focus both thins and targeted customers as well. The key factor for making product famous is marketing (indoor/ outdoor) of product it means the advertisement must be attractive then product will move toward the level of success. Basically Patagonia is a region where a company named Patagonia which is designing the high quality clothing and all equipments of sports. Background: Basically the headquarter of this company is located in Ventura, California, USA , the nature of this company is related to the manufacturing of the products, the products like; clothes, mountaineering, rock climbing, hiking and fishing etc. there are 32 stores/ branches of this company which is located in Us and 36 are internationally and three are founded in Australia. It is also providing online delivery services of their products to their customers that can order from any corner of the world. Its annual revenue is approx: US$750 million, it shows that Patagonia is in the list of well known companies. this case study is related to that how Patagonia is unique from other companies by using non traditional methods, and also describes how Patagonia build their relation to the customers by focusing that how they can create long term benefit, they also focusing to give value to their customers/partners because the main concern of this company is to build trusty relation with their cust omers. Statement of problem: The main argue of this case is how to enhance strong and long range relation with the customer, and how can we compete our competitors which will be the unique thing of our products through which we can reach to our targeted revenue. Objectives/purposes: Basically the purpose of this case study is to determine all the marketing approaches/strategies of Patagonia Company. Marketing Approaches/methods for value creation: The success of any company is concerning with their marketing department that how they present the products of their company in front of their customers and how much they motivate and attract their customers while many of the company is focusing on only their manufacturing and profit loss budget resources not about that how to build an effective relationship with customer which will be more fruitful for them as compare to adopting other strategies they didnt focus on to give value to their customers in order to build a trustworthy relationship, but Patagonia is one of the company which set their first priority to give value to their customers in order to build long term relation inspire of focusing, raw material, resources, ,manufacturing, budget, transport, but Patagonia is that company which always provide facilities to their customers by providing them different types of opportunities gifts and value which become the reason of their success. Patagonia has a strategy that first they decided that which are our targeted customers which can buy our product and we can obtain long range profit from them by maintain a good relationship with them, because Patagonia HOD knows the importance of value creation of employees they knows that customers are the king of market if they are we are, Patagonia company also focus on their marketing process in order to provide valid and all type of information regarding their products to their customers thats why all of the customers of Patagonia is know the quality and source from which these products are manufactured because it provide all info to their customers and the manufacture their products according to the needs and wants of the customers. Patagonia also give facility to their customers that before purchasing their customers can open the products and can seen that from which product is manufactured and how it is manufactured, transported, which is the uniqueness of products. Patagonia also provide a facility to their customers to know about their products through their websites, social network and other platforms. When any of the customer buy the product of Patagonia then the main focus of Patagonia is to deliver qualitative product continuously so this way can built the strong relationship and also became the reason of value creation and long range profit. This techniques of maintain consistency in quality will lead the Patagonia toward the success because Patagonia believes on quality rather than quantity which thing insist customers to buy Patagonia products rather than purchasing other companies products. This company also defines the different method for maintaining their products that how you have to use and how u makes care of it can and is the symbol of a qualitative product. it is real fact that when any customer completely use the products for too much time then he/she is thinking about switching the product in order to use a different thing but Patagonia set such techniques and manufacture such qualitative products so customers are using that product for long time and even not thinking about another product because they are obtaining the high level of satisfaction from the products of Patagonia product. Another main thing of Patagonia company which resists their customers to go another product is that they focusing on (5R) formula: Reduce Repair Reuse Recycle Reimaging This is the main 5r formula of Patagonia Company: Reduce: Patagonia Company reduce the level of risk by providing qualitative product. Repair: it also provides the facility of repairing their products to their customers. Reuse: there old products are also more qualitative then the new products of another company Recycle: they review their process and manufacturing procedure that if any mistake or deficiency is occurred it can be finished. Reimaging: it know very well that how to take products from bottom to the top rank through different methods. Thats why their customer is consistently connected with them for long time because this company is value oriented and sustainable from all of the companies. Mission and Strategy: The mission and first priority of Patagonia Company is to create value for the customers and providing them qualitative products through which trustworthy and long term relation can be build in order to get targeted revenue. And if we talk about the strategy of Patagonia then few things comes in our mind that they are focusing on: CRM Quality Sustainability Targeted customers Gap Focused on needs and wants Value creation Customers are the king of market Long range profit. These are the main characteristics on which Patagonia Company is focusing which are also the key factors of their success. it also focus on research development means Patagonia is always in searching mood that where is the gap where we can regulate our business in order expend business globally. Patagonia also provides easy access to their customers like online services and located stores in the main location of areas.

The Chaste Chase - Literature Essay Samples

The Chaste Chase: Britomarts Naivety in The Faerie QueenJuliette TangJune 1, 2005 For a text of Elizabethan literature, Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene is unique in its portrayal of chastity-a virtue generally associated with the domestic sphere-in the figure of Britomart the female warrior. Similarly unique is Britomarts representation as an almost hermaphroditic figure: she dresses in a full suit of armor, fights like a male knight, and presents herself as a man in social settings. The notion that chastity can be embodied in an androgynous figure is puzzling and counterintuitive to commonly accepted notions of feminine virtue, but Spenser has a purpose in using Britomart as his heroine. Britomart must simultaneously embody both feminine and masculine traits, because if she were solely feminine, like Florimell or Amoret, her chastity would have long been compromised by the time she finds Artegall. In short, Britomart must be ignorant of her latent femininity in order to be wh olly chaste. In order to uphold the version of chastity lauded in The Faerie Queene, Britomart cannot acquire insight or understanding. Titular chastity demands tough, yet beautiful naivetyAlthough male knights are similarly blind at times, there is no other figure whose ignorance is similarly central to her/his virtue (Cavanagh, 141-142). Britomart embodies steadfast chastity because she is ignorant of her feminine powers; her naivety necessitates her chastity. Britomarts ignorance reveals a concealed yet underlying misogyny in Spensers narrative. While Britomart is described as a powerful figure with agency, her characterization likewise reveals a mistrust of strong women because Britomart remains unaware of the precise magnitude of her strength. Male anxiety over female chastity may be attributed chastitys very public faÃÆ'Â §ade. Because men are so rarely privy to the private, inner world of women, they can never really know if a woman is, in fact, chaste. Similarly, mo st people take Britomart at face value and think she is male because she dresses the part of a man-because her public faÃÆ'Â §ade signifies masculinity-without ever realizing what her faÃÆ'Â §ade hides: her femaleness. Even Britomart does not have access to her own private femininity, because she is unaware of its existence. Sheila Cavanagh writes, Even though she serves as the titular knight for the female virtue chastity, Britomart can only enact this role from a position of manliness. Throughout most of the epic she dresses like a man, interacts with women as though she were male, and only rarely acknowledges her sex or gender (Cavanagh, 139). Britomart falls in love with Artegall when she sees herself in the mirror, and her association with a male figure reveals both Britomarts disassociation with her own femininity, as well as the importance of outward signs-what is visible publically-to Spensers narrative. As Spenser shows, Britomart is on a quest to find the materia l embodiment of an image; the sign comes first, the emotion follows. In the infamous mirror scene, Spenser writes: Where when she had espyde that mirrhour fayre, Her selfe a while therein she vewd in vaine; Tho her auizing of the vertues rare, Which thereof spoken were, she gan againe Her to bethinke of, that mote to her selfe pertaine. (III.ii.22.6-10)Upon seeing herself in the mirror, Britomarts own image precipitates her love. Eftsoones there was presented to her eye A comely knight, all armd in complet wize, Through whose bright ventayle lifted vp on hye His manly face, that did his goes agrize (III.ii.24.1-4)When she first looks in the mirror, Britomart sees herself. Then, all of a sudden, her reflection transforms into a handsome knight, whom she acknowledges as her future husband. This moment of narcissism leads Britomart to identify herself as a masculinized figure, and in so doing, she removes herself from under the masculine gaze. At the moment of ruptu re, Britomart transfers her person to the scrutiny of her own gaze, and gains agency from her liberation. Moreover, Britomarts weapon-the spear-also signifies masculinity. We are told at this point that Britomart is literally invincible because she wields a potent magic spear-a powerful phallic symbol that at the same time connotes her womans chastity (Villeponteaux, 54). When Britomart stares into the mirror in vaine, Spenser protects his heroine from entering the private female world by transforming her into a man. Spenser depicts female chastity as an entity that is constantly under assault by men. Presented as a man, whenever Britomart is attacked, it is as a knight-like Redcrosse or Guyon-and not, like Florimell or Amoret, as a mere woman. In Faeryland, violence toward women almost always figures into a type of sexual violence, and because the female Britomart is hidden under a suit of armor, she is protected from sexual assault. In Spensers world, a chaste woman is alwa ys chased; she is never safe. The knights in The Faerie Queene are constantly coming across damsels in distress, as women, it appears, require protectors. Spenser insists on chastitys redefinition by threat, rape, and captivity, even as that insistence generates instabilities that negate any absolute definition of gender roles (Frye, 73). Women such as Florimell, who are constantly subject to the male gaze, are the constant victims of unwanted male advance. Florimell is represented in Book III as another chaste figure, but she is not the ideal of chastity that Britomart embodies. Florimell is chaste, but she represents beauty-because she is the outward appearance of chastity, she is constantly harassed by men. Such, it seems, is the fate of all conspicuously beautiful women in Faeryland. Britomart is beautiful, but she hides her beauty and escapes advance-in a sense, she is the opposite of Flormell because her chastity is hidden; it is chastitys inner, rather than public, compo nent. The only time Britomart is ever hurt in Book III is in Castle Joyous when she removes her masculine disguise. As a woman, the seemingly invincible Britomart suffers her only wound. James Broaddus writes: When Britomart discovers Malecasta in her bed, she goes for her sword, thinking to gride a loathed leachour. And while she stands before the bed in her snow-white smocke, with locks vnbownd, i.e. feminine and vulnerable, but Threatning the point of her auenging blade i.e., masculine and aggressive, she is wounded by an arrow shot by Gardante (Broaddus, 33). The arrow shot by Gardante can be seen as a metaphor for sexual invasion, as Spenser describes: Gardante drew out a deadly bow and arrow keene,/ Which forth he sent with felonous despight,/ And fell intent against the virgin sheene (III.I.65.2-5) and that the wound lightly raised her soft silken skin,/ That drops of purple bloud thereout did weepe,/ Which did her lilly smock with staines of vermeil steepe (III.I.65.7-1 0). Her white frock (a color is associated with chastity) is stained with red (a color associated with sexuality) after Gardantes arrow invades her virgins skin. As a man, Britomart wins jousts against Guyon, Marinell, and Busyrane, but as a woman, she is wounded by the little known Gardante.Modern readers may wonder, why do women deserve such atrocious treatment at the hands of men? In a sense, Spenser almost blames women for their own victimization. Spenser depicts rape as ravishment, but in Early Modern England, ravishment had two definitions. The Faerie Queene revises sixteenth-century ravishment by introducing a third definition of the term, one that exists somewhere between the primary one of kidnapping and raping female bodies, and the secondary one-more familiar to the modern reader-of excessive, discombobulatory rapture that takes a person away from herself. In this third term, ravishment is physically felt, located within and upon the body, as it is for the unfortuna te victim of the crime. But it is also pleasurable in its sensuality, ecstasy without ekstasis (Eggert, 7-8). In creating this third definition of ravishment, Spenser reveals his belief that chastity is the duty of the woman and that when women are raped or victimized, they somehow bring it upon themselves. When Florimell is constantly pursued, no matter how cruelly, Spenser makes sure his readers understand why; she is not pursued senselessly for no reason, but rather because of the way she portrays herself, because of her extreme physical beauty. Likewise, Britomart is attacked because she chooses to remove her outer garments, exposing herself. As a result of her voluntary disarming, Britmart renders herself vulnerable; and she is indeed wounded by Gardante, a wound associated with sexual or amourous attraction. This sequence of events suggests more than that Britomart has been smitten by love. It also implies that her wound is in part self-inflicted: she gan her selfe desp oile. In her partial defeat by love she is both victor and victim (Leslie 41). The duty of preserving chastity, Spenser seems to argue, is up to the woman-as if, because men cannot help acting boorish, women must take on the added duty of deflecting them. Britomarts agency largely derives from the fact that she is alleviated of this duty in her masculine representation. Unlike the other women in Book III, Britomart is free, and her freedom is empowering. Belphoebe, another figure of chastity in Book III, is similarly independent, but she is confined rather than liberated by her independence. Like Florimell, Belphoebe is chaste without ever reaching the pinnacle of perfect or ideal chastity. Discovered at birth by Diana and Venus, Belphoebe is claimed by Diana and raised as a huntress while her twin sister Amoret is claimed by Venus and raised in the Garden of Adonis. Belphoebe symbolizes an extreme version of chastity that borders on sterility. To your faire selues a faire e nsample frame, Of this faire virgin, this Belphoebe faire,To whom in perfect loue, and spotless fameOf chastity, none liuving may compaire:Ne poysnous Enuy iustly can empaireThe prayse of her fresh flowring Maidenhead;For they she standeth on the highest staireOf thhonorable stage of womanhead,That Ladies all may follow her ensample dead.(III.v.54)Spensers description that no living woman can compare in chastity to Belphoebe, and that that ladies all may follow her ensample dead signifies the deadening potential of such stringent chastity. Such monastic chastity directly conflicts with Britomarts quest to find her destined mate so that her offspring will one day inherit Great Briton (as well as Spensers Protestant ideals). As Merlins prophesy foretells, the loss of Britomarts virginity is a narrative inevitability, whereas as far as Belphoebe is concerned, she will remain chaste until the day she dies. For Britomart, chastity serves a greater social purpose-basically, she is chas te because short-term losses reap long-term gains, and saving it for Artegall will ensure the continuation of their line. Until she meets Artegall, Britomart will remain ignorant of her emerging womanliness, but as the story unfolds, Britomart slowly becomes as more and more of a woman. In Britomarts story, Spenser most fully sketches the benign abashedness of a nascent erotic awareness, the emergence of new impulses within the self which insist on making themselves known and accommodated. The structural importance of abashedness to the book thus hinges on the issue of the selfs hidden privacy and its exposure in the larger world (Trier, 134). Even though she is a fierce warrior, Britomart often suffers from feminine bouts of self-consciousness and abashedness. According to Katherine Trier, Britomarts abashedness is the result of erotic awareness. Erotic emotions bring into play vulnerability to others, uncertain identity, and intense self-awareness, all of which contribute to e mbarrassment and distress (Trier, 137). Even though Britomart is the representation of perfect chastity, she is still human and consequently not immune to chastitys threats. In framing the story so that Britomart will eventually marry, Spenser offers her chastity the additional protection of marriage. In Book III, Britomart is a chaste virgin, but eventually, she will become a chaste wife. Because nothing short of death will prevent Britomart from flowering into a full-fledged woman eventually, Spenser ensures that she does not stray from the path of righteousness by forecasting her marriage to Artegall from the very beginning of Book III, For Spenser, Britomarts version of chastity is superior to Belphoebes because reproduction, regeneration, and motherhood is both natural and ordained by God. Venus is depicted as a motherly figure, searching for her lost child, Cupid. She adopts Amoret as her daughter and raises her in the sacred Garden. Britomarts quest in Book III ends, in fact, when she saves the daughter of Venus from the evil Busyrane. Though she enters as a knight still under a masculine guise, Britomart can only save Amoret when she removes her armor. The point is, Britomart must come out as a woman in order to save Love. She even discards her phallic spear: Britomarts action in dismounting before trying to enter Busyranes house dissociates her from the husbands power and authority; equally, her abandonment of the spear removes the threat of violent and excessive sexuality this weapon has come to represent for Amoret. It is because she does not threaten Amoret in the ways that Scudamour does that she can gain entry; and the fact that she does not threaten her so is conveyed through her dismounting and the relinquishing of her characteristic weapon (Leslie, 82). As a warrior, Britomart is the enemy of all who try to destroy love. Her final enemy in Book III is Busyrane, who holds Amoret captive in his castle and tortures her by attempting to steal her heart. Busyrane, the ultimate enemy of love, is Britomarts arch-nemesis. Belphoebe may be sterilely chaste, but Britomart is intended for Love. In Canto VI, Spenser discusses the Garden of Adonis in length and rich detail. In pausing the linear narrative of his poem to rest for a while in the Garden (as it were), Spenser draws a distinct and opposing parallel between the Garden and the Quest. The Garden of Adonis, the principal expression of the metaphor of generation in Book IIIis indicative of the degree of opposition between quest and gardenBritomart is expressive of the paradox and conflict which the conjunction of the metaphors of generation and quest implies (Tonkin, 408). Britomarts quest for Artegall, in a sense, guarantees her chastity because of her asexual and hermaphroditic self-representation, but her quest is temporary because one day it will end in the figurative garden of reproduction.In that same Gardin all the goodly flowres, Wherewith dame Natur e doth her beautifie,And decks the girlonds of her paranoures,Are fetcht: there is the first seminarieOf all things, that are borne to liue and die,According to their kindes. Long worke it were, Here to account the endlesse progenieOf all the weedes, that bud and blossome there;But so much as doth need, must needs be counted here.(III.iv.30)This garden is not only the perfectly natural culmination of Britomarts tale, as Spenser states, but mandated by God: Ne needs there Gardiner to set, or sow,To plant or prune: for of their owne accordAll things, as they created were, doe grow,And yet remember well the mightie word,Which first was spoken by thAlmightie lord,That bad them to increase and multiply(III.iv.34.1-6). Venus, unlike Diana, has nature on her side. It is natural to reproduce, and all things have, according to the Creator, the seeds of growth within, and the hunt of Venus and Diana for Cupid is emblematic of Britomarts own quest for Artegall (Tonkin, 413). Britomart i s represented as a man, but willingly chooses such a representation so she can best preserve her chastity for Artegall; she ensures that only Artegall will plant his seeds in her garden. Because, throughout Book III, Britomart remains completely ignorant of her feminine and reproductive powers, Britomarts garden is left fallow and unseeded; the regenerative power of Britomarts sexuality is preserved, protected by its own secrecy. By concealing her femininity, Britomart bypasses the destructive and violent lust men display toward women, and as Iris Hill writes, If love, as many recent critics of Book III have observed, as a necessary destructive aspect, the heroism of Britomart implies the overcoming of that beginning so that she may experiences its wholeness and generative powers (Hill, 184). Yet, though Britomart fashions her outward appearance as a steadfast knight, she is not impervious to lovesickness With such self-pleasing thoughts her wound she fed, And thought so to beguile her grieuous smart; But so her smart was much more grieuous bred, And the deepe wound more deepe engord her hart, That nought but death her dolour mote depart. (III.iv.6.1-5)nor the inner turmoil of the heart. Huge sea of sorrow, and temptestuous griefe, Wherein my feeble barke is tossed long, Far from the hoped hauen of reliefe, Why do they curell billowes beat so strong, And thy moyst mountaines each on others throng, Threatning to wallow vp my fearefull life? (III.iv.8.1-6)Spenser again draws the distinction between external and internal appearance, and specifically relates it to Britomart. Though she seems composed, the violent seacoast is a better approximation of her inner emotional state than her own outward appearance. Throughout Spensers narrative, Britomarts pretense shows signs of wear, as when she takes her distress out on Marinell and attacks him at slight provocation. Her inner and outer lives, though separate, are divided precariously, and Britomart betrays herself at times in the narrative when her burden becomes too much to bear (like the time she is wounded by Gardante). The division between the public and the private is a cause of anxiety for Spenser and other men of Early Modern England. Theresa Krier maintains that The Faerie Queene offered [Spenser] a means to explore the relationship of public to private worlds, the valuable moral capacity to form social bonds, and the nature of the isolate self (134). Spenser was fully cognizant of the inaccessibility of the private feminine world. There are aspects of women that men will simply never be privy to-one of which is chastity. Due to its absolute importance in determining patrilineage, female chastity is the cause of great apprehension and even resentful and misogyny. Britomart, of course, looks like a man most of the time, while the dazzling False Florimell is a male sprite in disguise. Knights and readers are forever cautioned the read between the lines o r beneath the surface where women are involved, since neither appearance nor behavior can be trusted (Cavanagh, 6). Even the character Britomart, Spensers ultimate embodiment of chastity, shows markedly different outer and inner-lives, as almost every aspect of her outside appearance betrays what is concealed underneath. Britomarts chastity is preserved because her outward appearance deceives men, but at the same time, her own deception seems paradoxical to the purity and incorruptibility of all things chaste. Instead of working through or explaining away this inherent contradiction, Spenser saves chastity with Britomarts ignorance. There is no question whether Spensers protagonist knows shes being deceptive-she does. When Britomart leaves for her quest, it is under the secret cloud of silent night,/ Themselues they forth conuayd, passed forward right (III.iii.61.8-9). However, though she realizes that her appearance is a lie, Britomarts conscience is clean because, as far as she is concerned, she has no isolate self. She may conceal her sex insofar as she hides her true gender, but Britomart does not knowingly hide her femininity, because she has not come into possession of it yet. When Britomart watches Scudamour and Amoret embrace, Spenser writes, Britomart halfe enuying their blesse,Was much empassiond in her entle sprite,And to herselfe oft wisht like happinesse,In vaine she wisht, that fate nould let her yet possesse.(III.xii.46a.6-9)Gazing at the lovers, Britomart wishes in vain for Amorets feminine knowledge, but she cannot acquire it until Artegalls gaze is upon her, until she comes into her own femininity. Like Amoret, Britomart must reveal the woman beneath: Her body, late in the prison of sad paine, Now the sweet lodge of loue and deare delight: But she faire Lady ouercommen quight Of huge affection, did in pleasure melt, And in sweete rauishment pourd our her spright. (III.xii.45a.4-7)Only after unearthing her body from the m ale armor she wears-Britomarts own prison,-can she truly experience the rauishment of female power. Katherine Egger writes, Ravishments dominant connotation, then, is one of possession, of gaining accessIn The Faerie Queene, however, ultimate power is conveyedby means of acquiring access to the truth, whether spiritual, moral, marital, or genealogical. By this logic, ravishment indeed ought to be a tool of revelation, willfully entering the dark and vicious place of begetting in order to see the light. (Eggert, 6). Britomarts chastity rests on the fact that her naivety denies her access to the private spaces of womanhood-once she, like Amoret, exposes herself to the male gaze, she will also lose her chastity. The chastity that gives Britomart her warriors powers simultaneously disowns her womans powers, but as Spencers narrative suggests, womanliness is a profound and mysterious force, one that is the cause of much male anxiety. In Faeryland, Britomarts chastity is preserved only because she is unaware of the nascent potential of her femininity. Once she discovers the power rauishment, she can no longer be perfectly chaste. Works CitedBroaddus, James W. Spensers Allegory of Love: Social Vision in Books III, IV, and V of The Faerie Queene. London: Associated University Presses, 1995.Cavanagh, Sheila T. Wanton Eyes and Chaste Desires: Female Sexuality in The Faerie Queene. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.Eggert, Katherine. Spensers Ravishment: Rape and Rapture in The Faerie Queene. Representations. No. 70 (Spring, 2000), 1-26.Frye, Susan. Of Chastity and Violence: Elizabeth I and Edmund Spenser in the House of Busirane. Signs. Vol. 20, No. 1 (Autumn, 1994), 49-78.Hill, Iris Tillman. Britomart and Be Bold, Be Not Too Bold. ELH. Vol. 38, No. 2 (June, 1971), 173-187.Krier, Theresa M. All suddeinly abasht she changed hew: Abashedness in The Faerie Queene. Modern Philology. Vol. 84, No. 2 (Nov. 1986), 130-143.Leslie, Michael. S pensers Fierce Warres and Faithful Loves: Martial and Chivalric Symbolism in The Faerie Queene. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer Press, 1983.Spenser, Edmund. The Faerie Queene. London: Penguin Books, 1978.Tonkin, Humphrey. Spensers Garden of Adonis and Britomarts Quest. PMLA. Vol. 99, No. 3 (May, 1973), 408-417.Villeponteaux, Mary. Displacing Feminine Authority in The Faerie Queene. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. Vol. 35, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter, 1995), 53-67.

Essay on The Strange Career of Jim Crow - 1336 Words

The Strange Career of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward’s book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, has been hailed as a book which shaped our views of the history of the Civil Rights Movement and of the American South. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the book as â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† The argument presented in The Strange Career of Jim Crow is that the Jim Crow laws were relatively new introductions to the South that occurred towards the turn of the century rather than immediately after the end of Reconstruction after the Civil War. Woodward examines personal accounts, opinions, and editorials from the eras as well as the laws in place at the times. He examines the political history behind the emergence of†¦show more content†¦The very slave- holding society that the South emerged from made it more able to accept African Americans living among whites. However, this was not true in all the classes. Many lower class and rural southern whites viewed the newly fr eed African Americans much more harshly than their wealthier counterparts. In regard to sharing a railroad car, one white man stated that he would rather be seated next to a respectable African American rather than a rowdy, lower- class white man. There were very few Jim Crow laws in existence in the South before the 1890s. Before that, African Americans could, theoretically, be seated in trains and buses with whites, as well as attend the same places of entertainment and stay at the same hotels. Woodward demonstrates this by using the accounts of one African American reporter from the North who traveled south to see if there was prejudice against him in public accommodations, and was surprised that he could find no difference in the way that he was treated in the South than the way he was treated in New England. In the end, the reporter stopped corresponding as he could find nothing incriminating to say about his treatment in the South. Living arrangements, especially in Southern cities, also greatly affected the attitude ofShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow862 Words   |  4 PagesJim crow laws In the 18th century the civil war had brought in end to slavery ,when the union beat the confederacy.Many people believe that slavery ended right there, and that anything else that happened to African Americans after that was due to racism of the people of that time.When in reality that change had caused ripples, that would shape history and the way people think all the way till today.Using historical ideas ,journals ,and such C.Vann Woodward in The Strange Career Of JIM CROW Read MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were also known as â€Å"Black Codes† in many parts of the United States. C. Vann Woodward’s book The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Commemorative Edition explains the history of racial segregation in America from the end of the Civil War until the mid-1960s. The system of slavery that existed before the Civil War â€Å"†¦made separation of the races for the most part impracticable.† Racial segregati on was not encoded in law until after the Civil War. Woodward’s book is an effective history ofRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Then he taught at  Johns Hopkins University. He made the achievement of becoming Sterling Professor of History at  Yale  University from 1961 to 1977. Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained how segregation was not inevitable. 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Woodward s most influential work is  The Strange Career of Jim Crow  which was published in 1955. In the book, he explained how segregation was not inevitable. In the 1960s, Dr.  Martin Luther King, Jr.  claimed the book to be, the historical bible of the Civil Rights Movement. His second most influentialRead MoreEssay The Strange Career of Jim Crow1834 Words   |  8 PagesThe Jim Crow laws were local and state laws that were supposedly â€Å"separate but equal,† but instead blacks were inferior to the whites due that to the social, educational, and economical disadvantages that they caused. 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Vann Woodward’s most famous work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow, was written in 1955. It chronicles the birth, formation, and end of Jim Crow laws in the Southern states. Often, the Jim Crow laws are portrayed as having been instituted directly after the Civil War’s end, and having been solely a Southern brainchild. However, as Woodward, a native of Arkansas points out, the segregationist Jim Crow laws and policies were not fully a part ofRead MoreThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward1063 Words   |  5 PagesWoodward wrote The Strange Career of Jim Crow for a purpose. His purpose was to enlighten people about the history of the Jim Crow laws in the South. Martin Luther King Jr. called Woodward’s book, â€Å"the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.† (221) Martin Luther King Jr.’s quote revealed the true importance of Woodward’s book. Woodard’s book significance was based on it revealing the strange, for gotten facets of the Jim Crow laws. Assumptions about the Jim Crow’s career have existed sinceRead MoreThe Strange Career Of Jim Crow By C. Vann Woodward1871 Words   |  8 PagesThe Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward explains the development of Jim Crow Laws starting in the period of Reconstruction until its legal demise in 1965. The book puts an argument against the question whether or not segregation had been around before the civil war, and argues that segregation had not always been that way. Before the Civil War, a close proximity was crucial between the societies in the South to maintain white supremacy above blacks. After the Civil War, a period known